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Index: L
- L-devices file
: 14.5.1. Hooking Up a Modem to Your Computer
- L.cmds file
: 15.4.3. L.cmds: Providing Remote Command Execution
- L.sys file
: 15.3.3. Security of L.sys and Systems Files
- Lai, Xuejia
: 6.4.1. Summary of Private Key Systems
- laid-off employees
: 13.2.6. Departure
- LaMacchia, Brian
: 19.3.4. Limitations of Secure RPC
- LANs (local area networks)
- 
  - 16.1. Networking
  - 16.2. IPv4: The Internet Protocol Version 4
 
- laptop computers
: 12.2.6.3. Portables
- last program
- 
  - 8.4.3. Finding Dormant Accounts
  - 10.1.2. utmp and wtmp Files
  - 10.1.3. last Program
  - 10.1.3.1. Pruning the wtmp file
  - 15.3.1. Assigning Additional UUCP Logins
  - -f option
: 10.1.3.1. Pruning the wtmp file
 
- lastcomm program
- 
  - 10.2. The acct/pacct Process Accounting File
  - 10.2.2. Accounting with BSD
 
- lastlog file
: 10.1.1. lastlog File
- laws
- 
  - 26. Computer Security and U.S. Law
  - 26.4.7. Harassment, Threatening Communication,  and Defamation
  - backups and
: 7.1.7. Legal Issues
  - checklist for
: A.1.1.25. Chapter 26: Computer Security and U.S. Law
  - copyright
  
- 
    - 9.2.1. Comparison Copies
    - 26.4.2. Copyright Infringement
    - 26.4.2.1. Software piracy and the SPA
  
 
- criminal prosecution
  
- 
    - 26.2. Criminal Prosecution
    - 26.2.7. A Final Note on Criminal Actions
  
 
- Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
: 26.2.3. Federal Computer Crime Laws
  - encryption
  
- 
    - 6.7. Encryption and U.S. Law
    - 6.7.2. Cryptography and Export Controls
    - 12.2.6.3. Portables
  
 
- enforcement agencies
: 14.4.4.1. Kinds of eavesdropping
  - export
  
- 
    - 6.4.4.1. Use and export of DES
    - 6.7.2. Cryptography and Export Controls
    - 26.4.1. Munitions Export
  
 
- federal enforcement
  
- 
    - 26.2.2. Federal Jurisdiction
    - 26.2.3. Federal Computer Crime Laws
  
 
- indecent material
: 26.4.5. Pornography and Indecent Material
  - liability
  
- 
    - 26.4. Other Liability
    - 26.4.7. Harassment, Threatening Communication,  and Defamation
  
 
- monitoring keystrokes
: 24.2.3. Monitoring the Intruder
  - non-citizen access
: 26.4.1. Munitions Export
  - patents
: 26.4.4. Patent Concerns
  - for portable computers
: 12.2.6.3. Portables
  - resources on
: D.1.1. Other Computer References
  - search warrants
  
- 
    - 26.2.4. Hazards of Criminal Prosecution
    - 26.2.5. If You or One of Your Employees Is a Target  of an Investigation...
  
 
- smoking
: 12.2.1.2. Smoke
  - state and local enforcement
: 26.2.1. The Local Option
  - trademarks
: 26.4.3. Trademark Violations
  - vendor liability
: 18.5.2. Trusting Your Software Vendor
 
- lawsuits (civil)
: 26.3. Civil Actions
- leased telephone lines
: 14.5.4. Physical Protection of Modems
- least privilege
- 
  - 5.5.3.2. Another SUID example: IFS and the /usr/lib/preserve hole
  - 13.2.5. Least Privilege and Separation of Duties
 
- Lee, Ying-Da
: 22.4. SOCKS
- Lesk, Mike
- 
  - 1.3. History of UNIX
  - 15.2. Versions of UUCP
 
- liability, legal
- 
  - 26.4. Other Liability
  - 26.4.7. Harassment, Threatening Communication,  and Defamation
 
- /lib directory
: 11.5.3.6. Other files
- license agreements
: 18.5.2. Trusting Your Software Vendor
- 
  - comparison copies and
: 9.2.1. Comparison Copies
 
- lie-detector tests
: 13.1. Background Checks
- lightning
- 
  - 12.2. Protecting Computer Hardware
  - 12.2.1.9. Lightning
 
- limit command
: 25.2.5. Soft Process Limits: Preventing Accidental  Denial of Service
- Limit command (<Directory>)
: 18.3.2. Commands Within the <Directory> Block
- limited user access
: 8.1.5.1. Limited users
- link-level security
: 16.3.1. Link-level Security
- links
- 
  - encryption of
: 18.4.1. Eavesdropping Over the Wire
  - link-level security
: 16.3.1. Link-level Security
  - static
: 23.4. Tips on Writing SUID/SGID Programs
  - symbolic, following (Web)
  
- 
    - 18.2.2.2. Additional configuration issues
    - 18.3.2. Commands Within the <Directory> Block
  
 
 
- lint program
: 23.2. Tips on Avoiding Security-related Bugs
- LINUX operating system
- 
  - 1.3. History of UNIX
  - 3.3. Entering Your Password
  - 23.1.2.1. What they found
  - ext2 filesystem
: 25.2.2.6. Reserved space
  - random number generators
: 23.7.4. Other random number generators
 
- Live Script
: 18.5.2. Trusting Your Software Vendor
- load shedding
: 23.3. Tips on Writing Network Programs
- local
- 
  - area networks (LANs)
  
- 
    - 16.1. Networking
    - 16.2. IPv4: The Internet Protocol Version 4
  
 
- authentication (NIS+)
: 19.5.4. Using NIS+
  - law enforcement
: 26.2.1. The Local Option
  - storage
  
- 
    - 12.3.4. Protecting Local Storage
    - 12.3.4.5. Function keys
  
 
- users, and USERFILE
: 15.4.1.2. USERFILE entries for local users
 
- lock program
: 12.3.5.2. X screen savers
- locked accounts
: 3.3. Entering Your Password
- locking files
: 23.2. Tips on Avoiding Security-related Bugs
- log files
- 
  - 11.5.3.5. System initialization files
  - (see also logging)
  - access_log
  
- 
    - 10.3.5. access_log Log File
    - 18.4.2. Eavesdropping Through Log Files
  
 
- aculog
: 10.3.1. aculog File
  - agent_log file
: 18.4.2. Eavesdropping Through Log Files
  - backing up
: 10.2.2. Accounting with BSD
  - lastlog
: 10.1.1. lastlog File
  - managing
: 10.8. Managing Log Files
  - manually generated
  
- 
    - 10.7. Handwritten Logs
    - 10.7.2.2. Informational material
  
 
- per-machine
: 10.7.2. Per-Machine Logs
  - per-site
: 10.7.1. Per-Site Logs
  - refer_log file
: 18.4.2. Eavesdropping Through Log Files
  - sulog
: (see sulog file)
  - system clock and
: 17.3.14. Network Time Protocol (NTP) (UDP Port 123)
  - tracking intruders with
: 24.3. The Log Files: Discovering an Intruder's Tracks
  - /usr/adm/messages
: 10.2.3. messages Log File
  - utmp and wtmp
  
- 
    - 10.1.2. utmp and wtmp Files
    - 10.1.3.1. Pruning the wtmp file
  
 
- uucp
: 10.3.4. uucp Log Files
  - /var/adm/acct
: 10.2. The acct/pacct Process Accounting File
  - /var/adm/loginlog
: 10.1.4. loginlog File
  - of Web servers
: 18.4.2. Eavesdropping Through Log Files
  - xferlog
: 10.3.3. xferlog Log File
 
- logdaemon package
: 17.3.18.5. Searching for .rhosts files
- logger command
: 10.5.3. syslog Messages
- logging
- 
  - 7.1.1.1. A taxonomy of computer failures
  - 10. Auditing and Logging
  - 10.8. Managing Log Files
  - 11.5.3.5. System initialization files
  - 21.5. Special Considerations
  - 23.2. Tips on Avoiding Security-related Bugs
  - (see also log files)
  - across networks
: 10.5.2.2. Logging across the network
  - archiving information
: 7.4.2. Simple Archives
  - breakins
: 24.1.2. Rule #2: DOCUMENT
  - C2 audit
: 10.1. The Basic Log Files
  - checklist for
: A.1.1.9. Chapter 10: Auditing and Logging
  - critical messages
  
- 
    - 10.5.3. syslog Messages
    - 10.5.3.1. Beware false log entries
  
 
- downloaded files
  
- 
    - 10.3.3. xferlog Log File
    - 10.3.5. access_log Log File
  
 
- failed su attempts
: 4.3.7. The Bad su Log
  - file format
: 8.2. Monitoring File Format
  - files transferred by FTP
: 10.3.3. xferlog Log File
  - to hardcopy device
: 10.5.2.1. Logging to a printer
  - individual users
  
- 
    - 10.4. Per-User Trails in the Filesystem
    - 10.4.3. Network Setup
  
 
- manually
  
- 
    - 10.7. Handwritten Logs
    - 10.7.2.2. Informational material
  
 
- mistyped passwords
: 10.5.3. syslog Messages
  - network services
: 10.3.6. Logging Network Services
  - outgoing mail
: 10.4.2. Mail
  - potentially criminal activity
: 26.2.6. Other Tips
  - Swatch program
  
- 
    - 10.6. Swatch: A Log File Tool
    - 10.6.2. The Swatch Configuration File
    - E.4.9. Swatch
  
 
- syslog facility
  
- 
    - 10.5. The UNIX System Log (syslog) Facility
    - 10.5.3.1. Beware false log entries
  
 
- UUCP
: 10.3.4. uucp Log Files
  - what not to log
: 10.5.3. syslog Messages
 
- logging in
- 
  - C.5. Starting Up UNIX and Logging In
  - C.5.3. Running the User's Shell
  - FTP access without
: 17.3.2.7. Allowing only FTP access
  - Kerberos system
: 19.6.1.1. Initial login
  - last program
  
- 
    - 10.1.3. last Program
    - 10.1.3.1. Pruning the wtmp file
  
 
- lastlog file
: 10.1.1. lastlog File
  - passwords
: 3.3. Entering Your Password
  - preventing
  
- 
    - 8.4. Managing Dormant Accounts
    - 8.4.3. Finding Dormant Accounts
  
 
- restricting
: 8.3. Restricting Logins
  - with Secure RPC
: 19.3.3. Using Secure RPC
  - startup file attacks
  
- 
    - 11.5.2. Start-up File Attacks
    - 11.5.2.7. Other initializations
  
 
 
- logging out with Secure RPC[logging out:Secure RPC]
: 19.3.3. Using Secure RPC
- logic bombs
- 
  - 11.1. Programmed Threats: Definitions
  - 11.1.3. Logic Bombs
  - 27.2.2. Viruses on the Distribution Disk
 
- .login file
- 
  - 8.5.1. Secure Terminals
  - 11.5.2.1. .login, .profile, /etc/profile
  - 24.4.1.6. Changes to startup files
 
- login program
- 
  - 8.6. The UNIX Encrypted Password System
  - 11.1.2. Back Doors and Trap Doors
  - 19.5.4. Using NIS+
  - 26.2.6. Other Tips
  - 27.1.2. Trusting Trust
 
- logindevperm file
: 17.3.21.1. /etc/fbtab and /etc/logindevperm
- loginlog file
: 10.1.4. loginlog File
- logins
- 
  - authentication
: 17.3.5. TACACS (UDP Port 49)
  - FTP
: 17.3.2. (FTP) File Transfer Protocol (TCP Ports 20 and 21)
  - UUCP, additional
: 15.3.1. Assigning Additional UUCP Logins
 
- logins command
: 8.1.1. Accounts Without Passwords
- 
  - -d option
: 8.2. Monitoring File Format
  - -p option
: 8.2. Monitoring File Format
 
- LOGNAME= command
- 
  - 15.5.1.3. A Sample Permissions file
  - 15.5.2. Permissions Commands
 
- .logout file
: 19.3.3. Using Secure RPC
- long distance service
- 
  - 14.5.4. Physical Protection of Modems
  - 17.3.3. TELNET (TCP Port 23)
 
- losses, cost of preventing
- 
  - 2.3. Cost-Benefit Analysis
  - 2.3.4. Convincing Management
 
- lp (user)
: 4.1. Users and Groups
- lpd system
: 17.3.18.6. /etc/hosts.lpd file
- lrand48 function
: 23.7.3. drand48  (  ), lrand48  (  ), and mrand48  (  )
- ls command
- 
  - 5.1.4. Using the ls Command
  - 5.1.5. File Times
  - 9.2.2. Checklists and Metadata
  - -c option
: 5.1.5. File Times
  - -d option
: 9.2.2.1. Simple listing
  - -e option
: 5.2.5.1. AIX Access Control Lists
  - -F option
: 5.1.4. Using the ls Command
  - -g option
: 5.1.4. Using the ls Command
  - -H option
: 5.9.2. Context-Dependent Files
  - -i option
: 9.2.2.1. Simple listing
  - -l option
  
- 
    - 5.1.4. Using the ls Command
    - 5.2.5.1. AIX Access Control Lists
    - 5.5.1. SUID, SGID, and Sticky Bits
  
 
- -q option
: 5.4. Using Directory Permissions
  - -u option
: 5.1.5. File Times
  - -c option
: 24.4.1.6. Changes to startup files
  - -H option
: 24.4.1.7. Hidden files and directories
  - -l option
: 24.4.1.6. Changes to startup files
 
- lsacl command
: 5.2.5.2. HP-UX access control lists
- lsof program
: 25.2.2.7. Hidden space
- lstat function
: 23.2. Tips on Avoiding Security-related Bugs
- Lucifer algorithm
- 
  - 6.4.4. DES
  - 6.4.4.3. DES strength
 
- LUCIFER cipher
: 6.4.4. DES
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